The teacher should make the students aware of the specialties of different typographic clues like ‘italics’, ‘bold letters’ etc. which may make the learners more purposeful and serious readers. During my childhood days, teachers used to tell us the functions of different punctuation marks such as comma, semicolon, colon, full stop, bold letters, capital letters, italics etc. Once your students become well versed in such typographical clues or punctuations, they would become excellent readers as they can catch the theme easily and suddenly. Let’s look at the functions of different typographic clues.

Oriental-Occidental Controversy was an ideological conflict between two groups of people in India during the British colonial rule. The ideological quarrel was related to the organization of modern education India. Britishers started organizing the formal educational system in India only during the first half of the 19th century, though they had reached India during the first part of the 17th century. Their real intention behind their sailing to India was not administrative. They came to India just for trade. It was not a venture of the British Government. A company which had been started in Britain under the title of ‘British East-India Company’, wanted to spread their business, and opened an office and factory in then Madras and now Chennai. They might not have even imagined in their distant dream that they would rule India. However, the dramatic events spread  across two centuries caused for the commencement British colonial rule in India just after the War of Plassy  in 1757. It was a turning point in the history of modern Indian Education.

Downward Filtration Theory is a theory introduced by Lord Macaulay in his famous Macaulay’s Minutes of 1835 which was submitted to then Governor General of  British India for solving some problems related to the educational system in India during those days. Actually Macaulay was assigned the duty of studying the real background of the Oriental- Occidental Controversy which was haunting the whole educational scenario of the period between 1817 and 1833. Britishers had started giving education only since 1813 in which they published a charter act to provide a financial aid of one hundred thousand rupees for indigenous educational institutions. In 1817 another charter act was declared by modifying the amount to two hundred thousand rupees as grant-in-aid system. But the quarrel between two groups i.e. the orientalists and the occidentals created some hurdles before the smooth running of the educational system in the country. The quarrel was in the selection of medium of instruction and the content of the syllabus. This oriental-occidental controversy had to be solved for the effective implementation of modern education in India. The duty was given to Macaulay, a law member of the Governor’s council. He put forth a few recommendations to solve the problem in his historic report called Macaulay’s Minutes of 1835.

Language Across Curriculum is a modern concept that a foreign or second language should be taught out of the traditional language classroom by using contextual and content based language teaching methodologies throughout the school hours. Hence it demands that language learning should occur in language classroom as well as other subject classrooms.

Social Diversity is the differences seen in a particular society in the case of religion, culture, economic status etc. If the people of a particular society belong to different religions, cultural backgrounds, social status, economic status, linguistic environment etc., this phenomena is called social diversity. Social diversity is regarded as something which makes this universe more livable and attractive. The countries like India are well known for their diversified nature in a variety of aspects such as faith, rituals and customs, geographical differences, linguistic elements and other social aspects.